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2. What is the purpose of listing all of the towns passed by the migrants on the way to California?

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1939 novel past John Steinbeck

The Grapes of Wrath
Book cover illustration of a child, man, and woman on a roadside watching as dozens of cars and trucks drive off into the distance

First edition encompass
Author John Steinbeck
Encompass artist Elmer Hader
Country Usa
Language English
Genre Novel
Publisher The Viking Press-James Lloyd

Publication date

 April xiv, 1939[1]
Pages 464
OCLC 289946

Dewey Decimal

 813.52

The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939.[2] The book won the National Book Honor[3] and Pulitzer Prize[iv] for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.[five]

Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma dwelling past drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and banking concern foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of piece of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part considering they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads prepare out for California along with thousands of other "Okies" seeking jobs, land, nobility, and a future.

The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American loftier school and college literature classes due to its historical context and indelible legacy.[six] [7] A celebrated Hollywood picture version, starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford, was released in 1940.

Plot [edit]

The narrative begins only after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison, where he had been incarcerated afterwards being convicted of homicide in self-defense. While hitchhiking to his habitation near Sallisaw, Oklahoma, Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy, whom he remembers from his childhood, and the two travel together. When they arrive at Tom'southward childhood farm domicile, they find it deserted. Disconcerted and confused, Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor, Muley Graves, who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad's home nearby. Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers. They have moved away, but he refuses to leave the area.

The adjacent morning time, Tom and Casy go to Uncle John's. Tom finds his family loading their remaining possessions into a Hudson sedan converted into a truck; with their crops destroyed past the Grit Bowl, the family has defaulted on their bank loans, and their farm has been repossessed. The family unit sees no selection but to seek piece of work in California, which has been described in handbills as fruitful and offering loftier pay. The Joads put everything they have into making the journey. Although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole, Tom decides it is worth the gamble, and invites Casy to join him and his family unit.

Traveling west on Route 66, the Joad family finds the route crowded with other migrants. In makeshift camps, they hear many stories from others, some returning from California, and the group worries that California may not actually be every bit rewarding as suggested. The family unit dwindles on the way: Grampa dies along the road, and they bury him in a field; Granma dies shut to the California state line; and both Noah (the eldest Joad son) and Connie Rivers (the hubby of the pregnant Joad daughter, Rose of Sharon) leave the family. Led past Ma, the remaining members realize they must continue on, as naught is left for them in Oklahoma.

Reaching California, they find the state oversupplied with labor; wages are depression, and workers are exploited to the point of starvation. The large corporate farmers are in bunco and smaller farmers suffer from collapsing prices. All police force and state law enforcement authorities are on the side of the growers. At the first migrant Hooverville camp they cease at in California, Casy knocks down a deputy sheriff who is about to shoot a fleeing worker who has alerted others that the labour recruiter travelling with the officeholder will not pay the wages he is promising. Weedpatch Campsite, ane of the clean, utility-supplied camps operated past the Resettlement Assistants, a New Deal bureau, offers improve atmospheric condition only does not have plenty resources to care for all the needy families, and it does not provide them with work or food. However, as a Federal facility, the army camp protects the migrants from harassment by local deputies.

How tin can y'all frighten a man whose hunger is non only in his ain cramped stomach simply in the wretched bellies of his children? You tin't scare him – he has known a fright across every other.

—Affiliate 19

In response to the exploitation, Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union. The Joads find piece of work equally strikebreakers in a peach orchard. With everyone picking for most of the day, they still only get paid enough to provide a basic supper for the night and some food for the next day. The next morn the peach plantation announces that the pay rate for the picked fruit has been reduced by half. Casy is involved in a strike that turns vehement. When Tom witnesses Casy'southward fatal beating, he kills the aggressor and takes flight. The Joads quietly leave the orchard to work at a cotton farm, where Tom remains at gamble of existence arrested, and possibly lynched, for the homicide.

Knowing he must exit the expanse or chance being caught and his family unit blacklisted from working, Tom bids his mother farewell and vows to work for the oppressed. The rest of the family continues to pick cotton fiber and puddle their daily wages so they can buy food. Rose of Sharon'southward babe is stillborn. Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement. With the winter rains, the Joads' dwelling is flooded and the car disabled, and they move to college ground. In the final chapter of the book, the family takes shelter from the flood in an old befouled. Inside they observe a young boy and his male parent, who is dying of starvation. Ma realizes there is only one way to save the man. She looks at Rose of Sharon and a silent understanding passes between them. Rose of Sharon, left alone with the human being, goes to him and has him beverage of her breast milk.

Characters [edit]

  • Tom Joad: the protagonist of the story; the Joad family unit'southward 2d son, named after his father. Later, Tom takes leadership of the family unit, even though he is young.
  • Ma Joad: the Joad family matriarch. Applied but warm-spirited, she tries to agree the family together. Her given name is never learned; information technology is suggested that her maiden name was Hazlett.
  • Pa Joad: the Joad family unit patriarch, also named Tom, age 50. Hardworking sharecropper and family human. Pa becomes a cleaved man upon losing his livelihood and means of supporting his family unit, forcing Ma to presume leadership.
  • Uncle John: Pa Joad's older brother (Tom describes him as "a fella about 60", but in narrative he is described every bit 50). He feels guilty about the decease of his young married woman years before, and is prone to binges involving alcohol and prostitutes, but is generous with his goods.
  • Jim Casy: a one-time preacher who lost his faith. He is a Christ-similar figure, based on Steinbeck'south friend Ed Ricketts.
  • Al Joad: the third youngest Joad son, a "smart-aleck sixteen-year-older" who cares mainly for cars and girls; he looks up to Tom, merely begins to observe his own way.
  • Rose of Sharon Joad Rivers: the eldest Joad daughter, a childish and dreamy teenage girl, age 18, who develops into a mature adult female. Pregnant at the get-go of the novel, she somewhen delivers a stillborn baby, perhaps due to malnutrition.
  • Connie Rivers: Rose of Sharon's married man. Nineteen years old and naïve, he is overwhelmed by spousal relationship and impending fatherhood. He abandons his wife and the Joad family before long after they arrive in California.
  • Noah Joad: the eldest Joad son, he is the first to leave the family, near Needles, California, planning to live off angling on the Colorado River. Injured at nativity and described as "strange", he may have slight learning difficulties.
  • Grampa Joad: Tom'due south grandfather, who expresses his strong desire to stay in Oklahoma. His full name is given equally "William James Joad". Grampa is drugged by his family unit with "soothin' syrup" to strength him to leave with them for California, but he dies during the get-go evening on the road. Casy attributes his death to a stroke, just says that Grampa is "merely' staying' with the lan'. He couldn' leave it."
  • Granma Joad: Grampa's religious wife; she loses her volition to live after his death. She dies while the family is crossing the Mojave Desert.
  • Ruthie Joad: the youngest Joad daughter, age 12. She is shown to be reckless and childish. While quarreling with another kid, she reveals that Tom is in hiding.
  • Winfield Joad: the youngest Joad son, age ten. He is "kid-wild and calfish".
  • Jim Rawley: He manages the campsite at Weedpatch and shows the Joads surprising favor.
  • Muley Graves: a neighbour of the Joads. He is invited to come forth to California with them, only refuses. The family leave 2 of their dogs with him; a tertiary they have, but information technology is killed past a car during their travels.
  • Ivy and Sairy Wilson: a migrant couple from Arkansas who attend the death of Grampa and share the journey equally far as the California state line.
  • Mr. Wainwright: a fellow laborer on the cotton subcontract in California; he is the husband of Mrs. Wainwright.
  • Mrs. Wainwright: mother to Aggie and married woman to Mr. Wainwright. She helps Ma deliver Rose of Sharon's baby.
  • Aggie Wainwright: the sixteen-year-onetime girl of Mr. and Mrs. Wainwright. Late in the novel, she and Al Joad announce their intent to marry.
  • Floyd Knowles: a man at the Hooverville, where the Joads first stay in California, who urges Tom and Casy to join labor organizations. His agitation results in Casy existence jailed.

Religious interpretation [edit]

Many scholars accept noted Steinbeck'southward use of Christian imagery within The Grapes of Wrath. The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at certain intervals inside the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted equally representing the expiry of Christ. From there, Tom takes over, rising in Casy's identify as the Christ figure risen from the expressionless.

Yet, the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters. Scholars have regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel, including Ma Joad, Rose of Sharon, her stillborn child, and Uncle John. In an article showtime published in 2009, Ken Eckert even compared the migrants' movement w as a reversed version of the slaves' escape from Egypt in Exodus.[viii] Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck's ain documented beliefs, which Eckert himself refers to equally "unorthodox".[viii]

To extend on previous remarks in a journal Leonard A. Slade lays out the chapters and how they stand for each role of the slaves escaping from Arab republic of egypt. Slade states "Chapters 1 through 10 correspond to bondage in Arab republic of egypt (where the banking concern and land companies fulfill the role of Pharaoh), and the plagues (drought and erosion); capacity 11 through eighteen to the Exodus and journey through the wilderness (during which the old people die off); and affiliate 19 through 30 to the settlement in the Promised State-California, whose inhabitants are hostile… formulate upstanding codes (in the authorities camps)".[nine] Another religious interpretation that Slade brings up in his writings is the title itself, stating "The title of the novel, of course refers to the line: He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored in Julia Ward Howe's famous 'Battle-Hymn of the Republic'. Obviously, then the title suggests, moreover, 'that story exists in Christian context, indicating that we should wait to find some Christian meaning'."[9] These two interpretations by Slade and other scholars shows how many religious aspects can be interpreted from the book. Forth with Slade other scholars find interpretations in the characters of Rose of Sharon and her stillborn child, Jim Casy and his Christ-like figure.

Development [edit]

This is the beginning—from "I" to "nosotros". If you lot who own the things people must have could empathize this, you might preserve yourself. If y'all could carve up causes from results, if you lot could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin were results, not causes, you might survive. But that you cannot know. For the quality of owning freezes you lot forever into "I", and cuts you lot off forever from the "we".

—Chapter 14

Steinbeck was known to take borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Subcontract Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb. While she collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing, her supervisor, Tom Collins, shared her reports with Steinbeck, who at the time was working for the San Francisco News.[ten] Babb'southward own novel, Whose Names Are Unknown, was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of The Grapes of Wrath and was shelved until it was finally published in 2004, a twelvemonth before Babb's death.

The Grapes of Wrath developed from The Harvest Gypsies, a series of seven articles that ran in the San Francisco News, from Oct 5 to 12, 1936. The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California's agriculture industry. (It was later compiled and published separately.[11] [12])

In mid-January 1939, three months before the publication of The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck wrote a long letter to Pascal Covici, his editor at Viking Printing. He wanted Covici, in particular, to understand this volume, to appreciate what he was up to. And so he concluded with a statement that might serve equally preface in and of itself: "Throughout I've tried to brand the reader participate in the actuality, what he takes from it will be scaled on his own depth and shallowness. In that location are 5 layers in this book, a reader will find as many equally he tin can and he won't observe more than he has in himself."[thirteen]

Title [edit]

While writing the novel at his home, 16250 Greenwood Lane, in what is at present Monte Sereno, California, Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title. The Grapes of Wrath, suggested past his wife Carol Steinbeck,[fourteen] was accounted more than suitable than annihilation by the author. The championship is a reference to lyrics from "The Battle Hymn of the Democracy", by Julia Ward Howe (accent added):

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord:
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword:
His truth is marching on.

These lyrics refer, in plow, to the biblical passage Revelation 14:19–20, an apocalyptic entreatment to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment. This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress, in various media. The passage reads:

And the affections thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the globe, and bandage it into the swell winepress of the wrath of God. And the winepress was trodden without the city, and claret came out of the winepress, even unto the equus caballus bridles, by the space of a k and vi hundred furlongs.

The phrase also appears at the finish of Chapter 25 in Steinbeck's book, which describes the purposeful destruction of food to proceed the price high:

[A]nd in the eyes of the hungry in that location is a growing wrath. In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage.

The paradigm invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel's greater thematic concerns: from the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come up terrible wrath but likewise the deliverance of workers through their cooperation. This is suggested simply not realized within the novel.

[edit]

When preparing to write the novel, Steinbeck wrote: "I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this [the Slap-up Low and its effects]." He famously said, "I've done my damnedest to rip a reader'due south fretfulness to rags." His work won a big following among the working form, due to his sympathy for the migrants and workers' move, and his attainable prose style.[15]

Critical reception [edit]

Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book's influence: "The Grapes of Wrath may well be the near thoroughly discussed novel – in criticism, reviews, and higher classrooms – of 20th century American literature."[12] The Grapes of Wrath is referred to as a Great American Novel.[sixteen]

At the time of publication, Steinbeck's novel "was a miracle on the scale of a national event. It was publicly banned and burned by citizens, it was debated on national radio; merely in a higher place all, it was read".[17] According to The New York Times, it was the acknowledged book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed past February 1940.[3] In that same month, information technology won the National Book Award, favorite fiction volume of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.[3] Presently, information technology won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and its Armed Services Edition went through two printings.[four]

The book was noted for Steinbeck'southward passionate depiction of the plight of the poor, and many of his contemporaries attacked his social and political views. Bryan Cordyack wrote: "Steinbeck was attacked as a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum. The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California; they were displeased with the volume's depiction of California farmers' attitudes and bear toward the migrants. They denounced the volume every bit a 'pack of lies' and labeled it 'communist propaganda'".[12] Some[ who? ] argued that his novel was filled with inaccuracies.[xviii] In his book The Art of Fiction (1984), John Gardner criticized Steinbeck for non knowing anything about the California ranchers: "Witness Steinbeck'south failure in The Grapes of Wrath. It should have been 1 of America'southward great books...[Due south]teinbeck wrote not a corking and house novel but a disappointing melodrama in which circuitous practiced is pitted confronting unmitigated, unbelievable evil."[19] Others[ who? ] defendant Steinbeck of exaggerating campsite conditions to make a political point. He had visited the camps well before publication of the novel[twenty] and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers' spirit.

In 1962, the Nobel Prize committee cited The Grapes of Wrath every bit a "great work" and as ane of the committee's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature.[5]

In 2005, Time mag included the novel in its "100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005".[21] In 2009, The Daily Telegraph of the United kingdom included the novel in its "100 novels everyone should read".[22] In 1999, French newspaper Le Monde of Paris ranked The Grapes of Wrath as 7th on its listing of the 100 best books of the 20th century. In the U.k., it was listed at number 29 amidst the "nation's best loved novels" on the BBC's 2003 survey The Big Read.[23]

Censorship [edit]

The Grapes of Wrath has faced a great amount of controversy since publication.

In 1939, the book was banned in Kansas Urban center, Missouri and Kern County, California.[24] It was also burned by the East St. Louis, Illinois Public Library and barred from the Buffalo, New York Public Library.[24]

In 1953, the book was banned in Ireland.[24]

In 1973, the book, alongside Ernest Hemingway'south For Whom the Bell Tolls, faced farther controversy in Turkey because the book included "propaganda unfavorable to the state."[24] On February 21 of that twelvemonth, eleven Turkish book publishers and viii booksellers "went on trial before an Istanbul martial constabulary tribunal on charges of publishing, possessing, and selling books in violation of an order of the Istanbul martial law command.[24] They faced possible sentences of between one calendar month'southward and six months' imprisonment...and the confiscation of their books."[24]

The book'south controversial condition continued in the 1980s. In 1980, the book was banned in Kanawha, Iowa's high school classes and challenged in Vernon, Verona Sherill, New York school district.[24] The following year, loftier school English teachers in Richford, Vermont required students to read the book.[24] Information technology was challenged "due to the volume's language and portrayal of a former minister who recounts how he took reward of a young woman."[24] In 1982, the book was banned in Morris, Manitoba and removed from two school libraries in Anniston, Alabama; the book was reinstated to the Anniston libraries on a restrictive ground.[24] In 1986, the book was provided equally an optional reading assignment at the Cummings High School in Burlington, Northward Carolina.[24] A parent challenged the assignment considering the "volume is full of filth. My son is existence raised in a Christian home and this volume takes the Lord's proper noun in vain and has all kinds of profanity in information technology."[24] The parent spoke with the press just did not file an official complaint with the school.[24] That same year, the book was challenged at the Moore County school system in Carthage, North Carolina considering of the book'southward use of the phrase "God damn."[24]

The volume was challenged twice more than in the 1990s, first in Greenville, South Carolina schools in 1991, then in Wedlock City, Tennessee loftier school classes in 1993.[24] The cited reason for the 1991 challenge was the book'due south language (i.east., using the proper name of God and Jesus in a "vain and profane manner"), as well equally sexual content.

Similarities to Whose Names Are Unknown [edit]

Following the publication of Sanora Babb'southward Whose Names Are Unknown in 2004, some scholars noted stiff parallels betwixt that work — the notes for which Steinbeck is widely believed to take examined[25] — and The Grapes of Wrath.

Writing in The Steinbeck Review, Michael J. Meyer noted numerous "obvious similarities" between the ii novels "that fifty-fifty a cursory reading will reveal," such as Babb'due south account of two nevertheless-born babies, mirrored in Steinbeck'due south description of Rose of Sharon'south baby. Among other scenes and themes repeated in both books: the villainy of banks, corporations, and company stores that accuse exorbitant prices; the rejection of religion and the embrace of music as a means of preserving hope; descriptions of the fecundity of nature and agriculture, and the contrast with the impoverishment of the migrants; and the disparity between those willing to extend aid to the migrants and others who view "Okies" as subhuman.[26] Meyer, a Steinbeck bibliographer, stops short of labeling these parallels every bit plagiarism but concludes that "Steinbeck scholars would do well to read Babb — if only to run across for themselves the echoes of Grapes that abound in her prose."

Steinbeck scholar David M. Wrobel wrote that "the John Steinbeck/Sanora Babb story sounds like a classic blast-and-grab: celebrated California author steals the material of unknown Oklahoma writer, resulting in his financial success and her failure to get her work published...Steinbeck absorbed field information from many sources, primarily Tom Collins and Eric H. Thomsen, regional manager of the federal migrant camp program in California, who accompanied Steinbeck on missions of mercy...if Steinbeck read Babb's extensive notes as carefully as he did the reports of Collins, he would certainly have establish them useful. His interaction with Collins and Thomsen — and their influence on the writing of The Grapes of Wrath — is documented because Steinbeck acknowledged both. Sanora Babb went unmentioned."[27]

Writing in Broad Street (magazine), Carla Dominguez described Babb as "devastated and bitter" that Random House cancelled publication of her own novel after The Grapes of Wrath was released in 1939. It is clear, she wrote, that "Babb's retellings, interactions, and reflections were secretly read over and appropriated by Steinbeck. Babb met Steinbeck briefly and by run a risk at a lunch counter, simply she never idea that he had been reading her notes considering he did non mention information technology." When Babb's novel was finally published in 2004, she declared that she was a ameliorate writer than Steinbeck. "His volume," Babb said, "is not as realistic every bit mine."[28]

Adaptations [edit]

In film [edit]

The volume was quickly fabricated into a famed 1940 Hollywood film of the same name directed past John Ford and starring Henry Fonda every bit Tom Joad. The beginning part of the pic version follows the book fairly accurately. Still, the 2d half and the ending, in particular, differ significantly from the book. John Springer, writer of The Fondas (Citadel, 1973), said of Henry Fonda and his role in The Grapes of Wrath: "The Great American Novel fabricated 1 of the few enduring Keen American Movement Pictures."[29]

The documentary American: The Bill Hicks Story (2009) revealed that The Grapes of Wrath was the favorite novel of comedian Bill Hicks. He based his famous final words on Tom Joad'due south terminal speech: "I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, beloved and laughter abide, I am there in spirit."[30]

In July 2013, Steven Spielberg appear his plans to straight a remake of The Grapes of Wrath for DreamWorks.[31] [32]

The Japanese animated serial Bungou Stray Dogs portrays a character based on Steinbeck whose superpower is named "The Grapes of Wrath".

In music [edit]

Woody Guthrie's two-part vocal—"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2" – from the album Grit Bowl Ballads (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts as a unmarried song—"Tom Joad"—on Patrick Street's second anthology, No. 2 Patrick Street.[33]

The 1981 song "Here Comes that Rainbow Again", past Kris Kristofferson, is based on the scene in the roadside diner where a man buys a loaf of bread and ii candy sticks for his sons.

The ring The Mission U.k. included a song titled "The Grapes of Wrath" on their album Carved in Sand (1990).

The progressive rock band Camel released an album, titled Dust and Dreams (1991), inspired by the novel.

American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen named his 11th studio anthology, The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995), later the character. The first track on the album "shares the same title". The song – and to a lesser extent, the others on the album – draws comparisons between the Dust Basin and modern times.[34]

Rage Confronting the Machine recorded a version of "The Ghost of Tom Joad" in 1997.

Like Andy Irvine in 1988, Dick Gaughan recorded Woody Guthrie's "Tom Joad" on his album Outlaws & Dreamers (2001).[35]

An opera based on the novel was co-produced by the Minnesota Opera, and Utah Symphony and Opera, with music by Ricky Ian Gordon and libretto by Michael Korie. The opera made its earth premiere in Feb 2007, to favorable local reviews.[36]

Bad Religion accept a song entitled "Grains of Wrath" on their album New Maps of Hell (2007). Bad Religion lead vocalist Greg Graffin is a fan of Steinbeck's work.[37] [ better source needed ] [ failed verification ]

The song "Dust Bowl Dance", on the Mumford & Sons album Sigh No More (2009), is based on the novel.

The Pink Floyd song "Sorrow", written by front-man David Gilmour and included on the band's anthology A Momentary Lapse of Reason, is thematically derived from/based on the novel.

The vocal "No Good Al Joad", on the Hop Forth album "Get Disowned" takes its title from the novel's character Al Joad.

The song "Grapes Of Wrath" past Weezer, written by Rivers Cuomo from their album "OK Human" (2021), takes its championship direct from the novel.[38]

In theatre [edit]

The Steppenwolf Theatre Visitor produced a phase version of the volume, adapted by Frank Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following yr.[39]

In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced Of Grapes and Nuts, an original, satirical mash-up of The Grapes of Wrath and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella Of Mice and Men.[xl]

See also [edit]

  • The Jungle
  • Le Monde 'southward 100 Books of the Century

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ "Grapes of Wrath, a classic for today?". BBC News. April xiv, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  2. ^ The official publication date of April fourteen, 1939, was exactly four years to the mean solar day of the Black Sunday Tempest, among the worst of the Grit Bowl grit storms, which, in existent life, caused many Oklahomans to drift to California in search of work.
  3. ^ a b c "1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose's 'Ararat' is Picked as Piece of work Which Failed to Become Due Recognition", The New York Times, February 14, 1940, page 25. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007).
  4. ^ a b "Novel" The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved viii September 2016.
  5. ^ a b Osterling, Anders. "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 – Presentation Speech". Retrieved Feb 18, 2007.
  6. ^ "AP: English Literature". CollegeBoard. Archived from the original on May nine, 2012. Retrieved May nine, 2012.
  7. ^ "The Big Read | The Grapes of Wrath". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  8. ^ a b Eckert, Ken (Nov i, 2009). "[Exodus Inverted: A New Await at The Grapes of Wrath, Colour Plates]". Organized religion and the Arts. xiii (iv): 340–357. Bibcode:2007ReArt..11..299O. doi:10.1163/156852909X460447. ISSN 1568-5292.
  9. ^ a b Slade, Leonard A (1968). "The utilise of Biblical allusions in 'The Grapes of Wrath". CLA Journal. eleven (iii): 241–247. JSTOR 44328273.
  10. ^ "Sanora Babb (Ken Burns)". PBS.
  11. ^ Published past the Simon S. Lubin Society of California every bit a pamphlet entitled "Their Blood is Stiff." Republished 1988 by Heyday as "The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath." Source: Cordyack.
  12. ^ a b c Cordyack, Brian. "20th-Century American Bestsellers: John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath". Graduate Schoolhouse of Library and Informatics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
  13. ^ Shillinglaw, Susan (2014). On Reading the Grapes of Wrath.
  14. ^ DeMott, Robert (1992). Robert DeMott's Introduction to The Grapes of Wrath. Viking Penguin, a Division of Penguin Books. p. xviii. ISBN978-0-fourteen-018640-half-dozen.
  15. ^ "The long retreat of John Steinbeck". Greenleft.org.au. September six, 2016.
  16. ^ Dana, Gioia. "The Grapes of Wrath Radio Show – Transcript". The Big Read. The National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved September 22, 2010. Author Richard Rodriguez discussed The Grapes of Wrath every bit The Great American Novel: "At that place hasn't been anything like this novel since it was written. And this is the neat American novel that everyone keeps waiting for only information technology has been written now."
  17. ^ Lisca, Peter (1958). "The Wide Earth of John Steinbeck". Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  18. ^ Crockett, H. Kelly (1962). "The Bible and the Grapes of Wrath". Higher English. 24 (3): 193–199. doi:10.2307/373284. JSTOR 373284. S2CID 150142608.
  19. ^ Gardner 1991, p. 10.
  20. ^ Shillinglaw, Susan; Benson, Jackson J (February 2, 2002). "Of Men and Their Making: The Not-Fiction Of John Steinbeck". The Guardian. London: Penguin. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  21. ^ "All Time 100 Novels". Time. Oct 16, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  22. ^ "100 novels anybody should read". The Daily Telegraph. Jan 16, 2009. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  23. ^ "The Large Read", BBC, April 2003. Retrieved January 12, 2014
  24. ^ a b c d eastward f m h i j k l m n o Office of Intellectual Freedom (March 26, 2013). "Banned & Challenged Classics". American Library Clan . Retrieved June 20, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "The Grit Bowl – Sanora Babb biography". PBS. Retrieved November 21, 2012. Unbeknownst to Babb, Collins was sharing her reports with writer Steinbeck. Some of this reporting informed Steinbeck's 1936 series of articles, The Harvest Gypsies. Past the fourth dimension she was ready to publish her work, in the wintertime of 1939, Steinbeck had come out with his ain Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck'due south book was dedicated to Tom Collins and was an immediate all-time-seller — such a striking, New York editors told Babb, that the market could not bear another on the same subject.
  26. ^ Meyer, Michael J. (2007). "Reviewed Piece of work: Whose Names Are Unknown past Sanora Babb". The Steinbeck Review. 4 (i): 135–139. JSTOR 41582897.
  27. ^ "Grapes of Wrath Views from the University of Oklahoma: Two Photographers, Two Novels, and Two Migrations". Steinbeck Now. Retrieved August xviii, 2018.
  28. ^ "The Woman Backside "The Grapes of Wrath"". Broad Street. February four, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  29. ^ Nixon, Rob. "The Grapes of Wrath". This Month Spotlight. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
  30. ^ Hicks, Bill. Love All the People (New Edition). Hachette U.k., 2009, p. 336.
  31. ^ "Steven Spielberg optics Grapes of Wrath". guardian.co.uk. July iv, 2013. Retrieved July nine, 2013.
  32. ^ "Steven Spielberg in talks to remake 'The Grapes Of Wrath'". nme.com. July 4, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  33. ^ Sleeve notes from No. 2 Patrick Street, Green Linnet SIF 1088, 1988.
  34. ^ Symynkywicz, Jeffery B. (2008). The Gospel Co-ordinate to Bruce Springsteen: Stone and Redemption, from Asbury Park to Magic. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-23169-ane. p. 122.
  35. ^ "Dick Gaughan Discography Outlaws & Dreamers (2001)", Retrieved 8th October 2015
  36. ^ Michael Anthony, "'Grapes' is a sweetness, juicy product", Minneapolis Star Tribune, two/12/2007
  37. ^ "Books | The Respond | The Bad Religion Page – Since 1995".
  38. ^ "Inside the Heed of Rivers Cuomo". Aural.com . Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  39. ^ "American Playhouse" The Grapes of Wrath (TV Episode 1991) , retrieved September 30, 2017
  40. ^ "Lawrence Bommer, "Sending Up Steinbeck," Chicago Reader, eleven/8/1990". November viii, 1990.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Garcia, Reloy. "The Rocky Road to Eldorado: The Journeying Motif in John Steinbeck'south The Grapes of Wrath." Steinbeck Quarterly 14.03-04 (Summertime/Fall 1981): 83-93
  • Gregory, James N. "Dust Bowl Legacies: the Okie Impact on California, 1939–1989". California History 1989 68(3): 74–85. ISSN 0162-2897
  • Henkel, Scott. "A Seditious Proposal." The Grapes of Wrath: A Reconsideration' Vol. 1. Ed. Michael J. Meyer. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009. 219–42.
  • Saxton, Alexander. "In Dubious Battle: Looking Backward". Pacific Historical Review 2004 73(2): 249–262. ISSN 0030-8684 Fulltext: online at Swetswise, Ingenta, Ebsco
  • Sobchack, Vivian C. "The Grapes of Wrath (1940): Thematic Emphasis through Visual Style". American Quarterly 1979 31(v): 596–615. ISSN 0003-0678 Fulltext: in Jstor. Discusses the visual fashion of John Ford's cinematic adaptation of the novel. Usually the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest. Just the imagery of the flick reveals the important theme of the Joad family'due south coherence. The movie shows the family in closeups, cramped in small spaces on a chaotic screen, isolated from the land and their surroundings. Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family unit from the reality of Grit Basin migrants. The flick's emotional and artful ability comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual fashion.
  • Windschuttle, Keith. "Steinbeck'south Myth of the Okies". The New Criterion, Vol. xx, No. 10, June 2002.
  • Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. "John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk: Moms, Reds, and Ma Joad's Defection". Polity 2004 36(4): 595–618. ISSN 0032-3497
  • Gardner, John (1991) [1984]. The Art of Fiction: Notes on Craft for Young Writers (Vintage Books ed.). Vintage Books. ISBN0-679-73403-1.

External links [edit]

  • The Grapes of Wrath at Faded Folio (Canada)
  • John Steinbeck in the Santa Cruz Mountains – A history of Steinbeck'due south life living in the Santa Cruz Mountains while writing The Grapes of Wrath
  • 2 short radio episodes "Spring in California" and "Road 66" from The Grapes of Wrath, California Legacy Project.
  • "The Grapes of Wrath revisited," (videos) The Guardian [Chris McGreal journeys along Route 66 – following the path of the Joads, of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, to compare that account of the Nifty Depression with today's United States under President Barack Obama.
  • Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Grapes of Wrath
  • National Public Radio: Grapes of Wrath, Nowadays at the Cosmos
  • Oklahoma Digital Maps Drove at Oklahoma State University
  • The Grapes of Wrath at Open Library Edit this at Wikidata
  • "National Steinbeck Middle in Salinas, CA". steinbeck.org. National Steinbeck Centre.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath

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